Racism Is Still Alive Today - 1238 Words

Avery Matney Mr. Berkoben English IV 13 November 2015 Racism in Oklahoma Everyone is different. No matter what you look like, where you came from, or how you grew up. Race does not define a person. Racism issues have appeared throughout many different generations. In Oklahoma, there are factors of events proving that racism is still alive today. Racism is any negative thought or action toward members of a racial minority or any manifestation of racial inequality. There are different types of racism: Individual racism, Institutional racism, and Cultural racism. This essay will analyze racism and certain component parts: causes, effects, prevention. There are various examples of causes coming from racism. Fraternity members at the University of Oklahoma learned a racist chant which was caught on camera and posted online. It was not something that was a part of the tradition. â€Å"Do I think these young men are racist in their heart? Do I think they’re proud of what they did? No.† said Boren. (Bidwell). 25 students have r eceived discipline from this video coming out. Also kids from school districts have experienced racist remarks and bullying. Kids are getting bullied for all types of reasons and racism is one of them. People think that remarks about your cultural or ethnicity are not a huge problem. Racist slurs can sometimes be taken lightly. Two stories were shared from students who attended schools in the Oklahoma area. â€Å"Holemant said for 2 years she has triedShow MoreRelatedRacism : Still Alive Today1514 Words   |  7 Pages Racism: Still Alive Today If one were to drive down any random road in South Carolina today, they might spot a Confederate Flag hanging proudly from a building or a house or even a national monument. The ones who support the display of this flag say that it is more to do with cultural history than racism, however, the history that this flag represents is what motivated Dylann Roof to kill nine innocent people in a South Carolina church in 2015. In this day and age, how did something like theRead MoreGrowing Up As A Latino Child1678 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilies because I thought that was the way things were supposed to be. Even today in America. communities are segregated and made up of people with similar backgrounds. I never questioned why we were not surrounded by people that were African American, Asian, or any other race differing from my own. As I grew older, I started to realize how this was a problem because it did not allow for the community to be diverse. Today, I believe that by not being exposed to other cultures at such an early ageRead MoreThe Three Principles Of Privilege878 Words   |  4 Pagesof essentialism or constructionism? Depending on who you ask, the answer to this question will vary. For example, if this question is asked to a white person, their sociocultural and economic advantages as well as their inexperience with systemic racism will influence them to respond with the belief that privilege falls under constructionism. However, if the same question is presented to a minority, the hardships that they might have faced as a result of the color of their skin will lead them toRead MoreRacism in America Today Essay1048 Words   |  5 Pagescan you be so sure when you actually open your eyes and see reality. Rapper Kanye West once said â€Å"racism is still alive, they just be concealing it† and these words are everything but false. You must ask yourself the real question about racism and it is how could you ever cure such a thing in people’s mind s? People are free to think and believe what ever they would like and old habits such as racism will never change in people. 1619, a date remembered by most African Americans (Afroamhistory).Read MoreLooking Back At The Dream Martin Luther King Jr.855 Words   |  4 Pages had, he envisioned for social equality in this nation. Today that dream in some aspects it is still existent. Although he died for fighting for his dream; unfortunately, it is broken in many ways. His legacy and his dream have lived on for decades but I don’t know that it is still alive today for multiple reasons. While the Declaration of Independence states that â€Å"all men are created equal,† even after the civil war people of color still received vastly different treatment from whites. They weren’tRead MoreRacism Is Still Very Much Alive1573 Words   |  7 PagesPuckerine World History 2 Today, racism still remains a prevalent issue that has constantly reared its ugly head. While bringing awareness towards racism has improved, we are still being faced with a gruesome reality that racism is still very much alive. Instead of Jim Crow laws and slavery, racism has transformed itself into microaggressions, police brutality, racial profiling, and mass incarceration of people of color (especially black men). When one talks about racism, most of our opinions areRead MoreThe Voting Rights Act Of 1965862 Words   |  4 Pagesagain that times have changed, so we should not treat states differently for something they did forty years ago. Forty years ago is not very long ago. People who were alive forty years ago when the Voting Rights Act was implemented are still alive today. Moreover, we still see examples of racism in this country all the time. Racism is alive and well in the United States and our history of prejudice and discrimination is not behind us. To undo this decision, Congress must pass new legislation to replaceRead MoreEssay on Black Like Me and Crash965 Words   |  4 Pagesdays of racism are over. That is a completely untrue statement. The movie Crash depicts modern day racism and shows how prevalent it really is in today’s society. Both of these works can relate to one another in many ways and really show how racism truly is. The book Black Like Me and the film Crash have many connections that can be drawn to one another. For one, the main focus of the two works is racism, but they take place in very different times. Black Like Me takes place back when racism was veryRead MoreRacism : It Still Lives Today !1485 Words   |  6 PagesRacism: It still lives today! â€Å"Racism is still with us. But it is up to us to prepare our children for what they have to meet, and, hopefully, we shall overcome.†(brainyquotes.com) In 2016, racism is still present in many ways. Although, police brutality has always been a hot topic in the media and politics, today it affects the rising generations directly. The workforce has also always penalized minorities in job opportunities, salaries, as well as putting limits on the options for professionalRead MoreWe Must Stop Racism Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground, with unique history and life experiences. Today we have broken-down a lot of racial barriers that existed in the past, and we have learn become more accepting of each other culture and way of life. Even though our society is growing up and becoming more tolerant of each other, they are still many barriers that needs to be broken. Racism still exists today, it is something that we cannot get rid of easily. Some people express racism in var ious degrees. Around the world they are many cases

Discrtimination in the Workplace - 1182 Words

Discrimination in the Workplace Introduction Discrimination, prejudice, ethnocentricity and diversity are the challenges of a cohesive workplace environment. For this project I will discuss the need for a culturally diverse environment in the nursing profession, and the plight of Latina woman and her challenges in succeeding in a predominantly Anglo male held role. Learning about different types of discrimination and prejudice will allow us to become culturally sensitive and provide us with the ability to recognize and prevent discrimination from occurring. Scenario I have been placed to review the promotion policy of a particular company. Maria is a native born American citizen with Latino ancestry. Maria has a graduate degree and has invested many years with her company and position. 10 years with the company and 7 in her current role. Maria has been passed up for a promotion for an Anglo male named Alex and with less time in the company. He is considered an â€Å"up and comer†. The main acknowledged reason given to Maria for her denial of a promotion was her accent. The company stated that clients would have trouble understanding it. The company also stated that she has a loud and aggressive approach to coworkers and supervisors, and in addition she has had some problems with attendance. Maria is also the only woman of color in her department and that her lower evaluations reflect a built-in bias on the part of her white male supervisors. What is Discrimination? Work related

My Favorite and Least Favorite Building Essay Example For Students

My Favorite and Least Favorite Building Essay My personal interests and professional work of scope in architecture have been about how to better create landmark building for cities. The basic characteristic of landmark is that people can use the simplest form and a minimum of strokes to evoke the memory for it. Just like the Pyramids of Egypt, Opera House of Sydney, Temple of Heaven in Beijing, Empire State of New York, and many other famous landmarks in the world, they become a symbol and business card of the city. In this essay, I will discuss my most and least liked landmark office buildings in London, UK and Shenyang, China. By compare and contrast their individual relationship to the local culture and building environment, we can better understand the reasons behind their success and failure. Most Like: 62 Buckingham Gate, SW1, London, UK 62 Buckingham Gate, completed in 2013, is a mixed-use development providing 260,000 sq ft of office space as well as retail and leisure units. The neighborhood is full of government offices that were built in the 1960s and 1970s, many of which are going to be replaced by new development in the next decade. The overall geometry of the building is quite bold, yet still respecting the existing street frontage of adjacent buildings. The building faà §ade is made of different folding planes, reflecting the changing surroundings in a harmonious way. Unlike traditional office buildings with regular 90-degree lines and traditional divisions, the tilting planes of the faà §ade create a more intimate and unique scale. At different time depending weather of the day, the various reflections also add a touch of elegance to the building. The gesture is strong, but not overwhelming; the reflecting planes are complex looking, yet still sensitive to the historic architecture of Victoria. Giving the complex outer shell, the structure of the building is extremely challenging, resulting efficient floor plans and spatial arrangements. On the lower level, inward-tilting planes brings life to the street by creating bays for outdoor restaurant seating. On the upper floors, sustainable design features are spread-out in all floors including a green roof, landscaped terraces and an energy-efficient building envelope. Least Liked: Fang Yuan Building, Shenyang, China Different from the challenges London is facing in new urban development, city of Shenyang in China is experiencing a different level of â€Å"transformation† which combines eastern and western culture in a controversial way. Fang Yuan Building, completed in 2001, is a 24-storey office building with a total floor area of 52,000 sq ft. The building is located at Financial Trade Zone in Shenyang, the largest city in Northeast China with a population of 5. 3 million. The idea behind the building design is from the traditional Chinese coin shape with square cut out, representing the hope that money will be rolling and businesses will be smooth. In the 2000 World Architecture Design Exhibition in Venice, Fang Yuan building become the only Asian winner while getting praises like â€Å"the world’s most innovative and revolutionary architecture†. However in 2012, it was rated as the top ten world’s more ugly buildings by CNN’s life travel website. The fusion of eastern and western architectural style is undeniably not a perfect marriage, instead causing more â€Å"confusion†. This overly figurative design uses the most straightforward way to join prototype of Chinese traditional entities with modern building materials. There is no smooth connection between the glass windows and solid concrete base. Not only the building has little respect to surrounding buildings’ design and street frontage, the gesture is forceful rather than effortless. In addition, the coin shaped massing required a lot of structural engineering, however at the end did not create an interesting interior experience for the users. Different area and shape of floors makes the office space inefficient and hard to layout. In modern Chinese thinking, money is considered a vulgar element. .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .postImageUrl , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:hover , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:visited , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:active { border:0!important; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:active , .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5f424bad2a406120388404351e8a17b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Urban Design Through the Work of Donovan Hill's Architect EssayThe fact that this building exposes the desire to make money in such bold way also ruins the expressive beauty of the structure. It would be much better if the designer took his initial approach in an abstract way. For now, the building is more of an absurd attachment to the city than a successful landmark. In conclusion, a good landmark building should not only reflect the advantages of the geographical area, the building itself should also be outstanding, unique and effortless. During the design process, culture backgrounds and traditional symbols are good to taken into consideration as inspiration. The actual design approach should be natural and abstract, emphasizing on the architectural feature other than specific shapes or figure. Under the current level of urban development, landmark building represents not only the building itself, but also a lifestyle and a new trend of spatial experience. The success behind each landmark building is never just the architectural design itself. It is the combined aspects of environmental, culture, sustainability that work together to create a local or even world classic.

Issues in Electronic Commerce Security

Abstract Trust is an important factor when people are engaging in various transactions over the internet. If this is not met, customers are likely to go back to the traditional methods of transaction as far as business is concerned. Security issues in e-commerce must be addressed so that e-commerce transactions are not compromised.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More E-commerce is a simplified and an important avenue for online business but with increasing network insecurity, internet operations may slow down. The author of this paper is going to discuss some pertinent issues surrounding e-commerce as far as security is concerned. The issues will include insecurity in both network and computer services which is a threat to customers as well as the e-commerce itself. The perpetrators are believed to be hackers and the biggest concern is that insecurity originates from the e-commerce itself. This development may make customers shy away. The author will also touch on the weaknesses of the security systems in place. Privacy becomes an important factor in e-commerce. Various controversies surrounding e- commerce will be analyzed in this paper. In conclusion, the author will give recommendations arising from the discussions in this paper. Introduction Electronic commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer applications. Transactions conducted electronically include electronic funds transfer, online transaction processing among many others. Trust at this juncture becomes an important factor in this business. If trust is not established, customers are likely to revert to traditional methods of trading (Craig Mihajlo, 2011). Trust is being destroyed by frequent reports of hackers that attack e-commerce web sites compromising consumer security. Recent ly, viral attacks were launched against the Microsoft Outlook in the name of code red worms. To avert such scenarios, there is need to address insecurity (Mayor, 2009). History of E-Commerce Back in the 1970s, e-commerce was used by companies to forward transaction documents such as purchase orders and invoices. The rise of e-commerce in the 1980s was marked by the use of telephones, credit cards and most interesting booking for reservations in airlines. This was especially so in USA and the United Kingdom (Eisingerich, Andreas Kretschmer, 2008).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A decade later, e-commerce added value to its services by including an enterprise resource planning system as well as data mining which resulted in data warehousing. This was the period during which the famous World Wide Web came into being. The person behind this important achievement was Tim B erners-Lee (Chan Kwok, 2001). There were major improvements in e-commerce but unfortunately, the founders were unable to use the internet until the year 1995. This was due to the fact that there were no security protocols as far as privacy was concerned. The introduction of security protocols was a big boost to the internet usage since privacy was guaranteed for most transactions. Current Security Issues in E-Commerce Currently, e-commerce has grown tremendously and this is observed when increasing numbers of people are reported to use online services. Online shopping goes up each holiday season due to the fact that people are interested in new and unique things and e-commerce is the only platform that they can realize this (Graham, 2008). People gain experience as they familiarize themselves with online services. A study done by Comscore (a consultant in this field) states that when shoppers are experienced and comfortable with the services offered, spending shoots up increasing t he use of internet services (Kotler, 2009). Unfortunately as the transactions are taking place, many inconveniences arise. Many issues affect online transactions and e-commerce in general. Security is one of these issues that sometimes make users shy away from internet services Security concerns in e-commerce occur when data is exposed to or accessed by unauthorized persons leading to compromised information that is rendered invalid (Kevin, 2005). This is for example when hackers access personal information such as bank account details during a wire transfer. This is where privacy issues come in. Privacy involves having control over personal data without the interference of a third party. This issue affects all stakeholders in the e-commerce industry.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Electronic commerce security issues can be categorized under system availability, data integrity as well as information confidentiality (Chan Kwok, 2001). For instance, system availability implies that relevant elements are in place to offer support to particular user’s communication needs. On the other hand, data integrity provides that all messages that are sent over the network are received as they are without any alterations that could make them invalid. For example, hackers may alter the information sent via a Short Message Service (SMS) such that the receiver gets a message that is totally different from that which was sent. Information confidentiality implies that messages are only viewed by the intended users only (Rowley, 2006). It is always necessary to continuously review network security at both the electronic commerce and consumer sites and put in place suitable counter- strategies. These are for example passwords for emails and other accounts as stated above. This is because the security of internal systems and th e external networks rely mostly on the security of the site. Electronic commerce has grown tremendously leading to fast and effective ways of exchanging goods and services both locally and internationally. This has been accompanied by an equal rise in the number of attacks as analyzed above putting at risk the security of online payment. Some of these attacks have increased vulnerabilities that have been published in reusable third party elements used by websites such as shopping cart software. Security can be conceptualized from two perspectives in the software business (Sam, 2001). First, the software development community illustrates the security aspects of a system. In this case, safety strategy provides for secret codes that are sophisticated so as to reduce vulnerability during encrypting.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second perspective entails protection against attacks and spywares which threatens internet usage. This is for example the use of firewalls and such other measures to protect data. Security Problems in E-commerce Development In the e-commerce arena, there exist threats that are likely to bring down the industry if no instant measures are put into account. Efforts to develop e-commerce are always affected by attacks that target the three systems. These are the network system, client system and the server system. The inability to protect the integrity of the business data system is a major problem in the e- commerce industry. This problem extends to transaction security between the customers and the business (Bruce Kok, 2008) Viruses are considered to be the most serious and common threats surrounding e-commerce. All data and windows are prone to viral attacks. Sophisticated software and hardware are not fully dependable when it comes to protecting the system. For example, viruse s such as Melissa and Resume affect at least part of the operating system if not the entire system (Ralph, 2000). Another huge problem is the invention of hacking tools by those who develop operating systems. This is for example the Trojan horses which are so sophisticated in that they can operate a targeted computer system. The virus can send information anywhere posing as the legitimate user of the computer. Other tools like VNCviewer normally used commercially can hack the systems and other web sites. Other hacking web sites are also playing a role in e- commerce insecurity. This is for example www.rootshell.com and many others which are the problem in development of the e-commerce security systems (Xiaoming, 2008). The customers have their privacy affected. This is a problem that is developing roots and is drawing global attention. This is especially so given the fact that international governments are concerned with this issue. The initiation of Distributed Denial of Services A ttacks (herein referred to as DDOS) is a form of software that can be used to compromise security during transactions between the business and the client. They pose as the legitimate client and transacts with the online business operator. It is only much later that the organization realizes that a wrong transaction has been made. Both the business and the customer loses since the customer information has been hacked into and lose of money to both parties is exhibited. (Mauricio, 2010) Electronic Commerce Security and Legal Issues One of the parties addressing legal issues in e-commerce is the Electronic Commerce Working Group (ECWG). This group meets regularly to discuss security matters arising. Resolutions are then forwarded to other federal agencies for rectifications (Jeng, 2004). Advice is normally given to the companies involved in e-commerce transaction process so as to address the issues effectively. Government regulations make it mandatory to provide public confidence throu gh reliability in all transactions. Consumer protection has also been taken care of but some fraud cases are still being reported. Government Regulations and Security in E- commerce Some e- commerce activities in USA are controlled by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). E-commerce activities such as business e-mails’ privacy and advertising are watched keenly to safeguard internet rights. Like other businesses, e-commerce operates under rules and regulations. E-commerce transcends international boundaries and hence there is need to comply with the regulations. The economy and the national security depend highly on information technology which is a reliable infrastructure that targets large numbers of people at the same time (Ralph, 2000). It is noted that these computer networks also manage physical installations such as electricity transformers, stock markets, trains as well as radars. Hackers can attack such installations jeopardizing national security and the economy. This is why government regulation is crucial. To this end, the federal and local governments have major roles to play in order to maintain security as far as e-commerce is concerned (George, 2005). The main problem is that the tools and methodologies currently used in these attacks on e- commerce are readily available. The technical capability and sophistication of tools used in attacks reduce the effectiveness of strategies used to fight insecurity. It is noted that relevant agencies, federal and local governments are best equipped to respond to an evolving internet threat (Ndou, 2004). Controversies and Challenges Facing E-commerce There are various challenges and problems facing e-commerce. For instance, most infrastructures and the internet on which they depend are owned and operated privately. This implies that it is difficult for the government to provide the needed security for electronic commerce (Xiaoming, 2008). This calls for partnerships between the government, industry, aca demia, as well as non- governmental groups to provide security to electronic commerce. Very few if any of the organizations are willing to come out or even associate with others in order to offer the security needed in electronic commerce (Xiaoming, 2008). Furthermore, it is not easy to identify all of the groups dealing with electronic business because some have not registered their businesses with the government. As a result, it becomes hard for such private businesses to come out and share their problems due to the fear of being prosecuted (Xiaoming, 2008). Another challenge includes the lack of agreement in developing a national strategy in order to offer protection to the electronic commerce industry. This is because there is need to gather views from both the public and private sectors (Sheth, 2007). This as a result leads to varying opinions that require time to scrutinize in order to come up with the best solution to achieve the objective of having a safe electronic commerce in all sectors in the country and the world as a whole. In some cases, the redrafting process may incorporate the suggestions made, but not everyone will accept each component of the national strategy to (Bruce Kok, 2008). This is because a significant number of issues may not be addressed and others are not yet ready for national policy. The approach is not absolute because events are bound to evolve (Kevin, 2005). Technological advance leads to more threats and increased vulnerability and thus improves people’s understanding of electronic commerce. Impact of Security on E-commerce Security is a significant challenge facing electronic commerce (Zeithaml, 2002). This is because without the assurance of privacy and safety, people are not willing to participate in electronic commerce. Burning issues on safety include the theft of personal data from the credit card by hackers. This makes the authorities question the suitability of providing public services online. As a result of such cases of insecurity, the effectiveness of e-commerce as a driver of the economy is greatly reduced. This may lead to the deterioration of the services provided through electronic commerce thus affecting the production cost of goods and services. Security concerns are the biggest challenge in expanding the reach of electronic commerce (Zeithaml, 2002) The attacks from hackers and web page vandals makes the general public and the government to be more cautious when carrying out sensitive transactions that may comprise personal or financial information via the internet (Xin, 2011). Every person desires to feel secure when conducting online businesses and hopes that their information will be safe and confidential. Recommendations To enhance security, most service providers try to make sure that only authorized users can send and receive information over the internet or over the phone. This is one of the reasons why e-mails have passwords and phones require the use of security co des and Personal Identification Numbers (PIN). However, it is these safety protocols which are circumvented by hackers and other unauthorized third parties. This affects e-commerce that is conducted via such channels. Electronic commerce providers have made efforts to address the security issues in their internal networks. A number of guidelines have been put in place to secure systems making networking available for the electronic commerce personnel to study and implement. Training and educating the consumer on security issues is still in progress. For instance, Trojan horse programs initiated against customers’ systems become a risk to electronic commerce mainly because they can circumvent or undermine most of the verification and approval procedures used in electronic commerce (Luarn, 2003). E-commerce requires the provision of security for the internet users. To achieve this, measures need to be put in place so as to win trust of the customers. This is for example video- hosting services on every website to speak to the customer directly if there is need to clarify on some issues (Luarn, 2003). Many people are not well informed on e-commerce mechanisms and how it works. There should be efforts to create awareness about e-commerce so that everyone is knowledgeable about internet services (Sam, 2001). Consumer protection is an important area which should be addressed due to increased insecurity. The consumer is the party most affected by online insecurities. To this end, there should be measures to safeguard the rights of the consumers. As much as there are new innovations on thefts’ and attacks’ software, there should also be innovations that track down any online offenders. There should be customer oriented privacy practices to improve consumer satisfaction. This should include a system capable of showing how e-commerce organizations’ sites gather, handles, and uses personal information. Private and non- governmental organizatio ns with significant computing resources should be encouraged to take active roles in information sharing (Ndou, 2004). This is because colleges, corporations and universities have a vital role in identifying and reporting internet attacks. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to analyze security issues in e-commerce. The author started by looking at the historical background of e-commerce. The author also looked at several issues such as controversies revolving around e-commerce, problems encountered in e-commerce among others. It was found that stakeholders such as federal and local governments have important roles to play in e-commerce. The author found that security is a major concern in e-commerce. References Bruce, C., Kok, B. (2008). An empirical study of the use of e-security seals in e-commerce. Michigan: Michigan University Press. Chan, M., Kwok, L. (2001). Integrating security design into the software development process for e-commerce systems. Chicago: Free Press. Craig , E., Mihajlo, Z. (2011). A personalized approach to web privacy: Awareness, attitudes and actions. New York: Thimble. Eisingerich, A., Andreas, B., Kretschmer, T. (2008). In e-commerce, more is more. Harvard Business Review, 8(6): 20-21. George, S. (2005). Rethinking e-commerce security. Harvard: Harvard University Press. Graham, M. (2008). Warped geographies of development: The internet and theories of economic development. Geography Compass, 2(3): 771. Jeng, C. (2004). Trust and privacy in electronic commerce. Boston: IEEE. Kevin, K. (2005). We are the web. Managing Service Quality, 3(2), 23-39. Kotler, P. (2009). Marketing management. Pearson: Prentice-Hall. Luarn, P. (2003). A customer loyalty model for e-service context. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 4(4): 20-23. Mauricio, S. (2010). Reducing online privacy risk to facilitate e-service adoption: The influence of perceived ease of use and corporate credibility. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(3): 219-229. Mayor, S. (2009). E-commerce policies and customer privacy: Information Management and computer security. Boston: Cengage Learning. Ndou, V. (2004). E-Government for developing countries: Opportunities and Challenges. New York: Free Press. Ralph, T. (2000). IT security in electronic commerce: From cost to value driver. International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications,16: 23-29. Rowley, J. (2006). An analysis of the e-service literature: Towards a research agenda. Internet Research, 16 (3): 339-359. Sam, R (2001). A framework for analyzing e-commerce security: Information Management and computer security. New York: Routledge. Sheth, J. (2007). E-services: A framework for growth. Journal of Value Chain Management, 1(1/2): 1-20. Xiaoming, M. (2008). Analyze and prevent the security risks of e-commerce privacy. Chicago: John and Wiley Publishing Company. Xin, W. (2011). Study on information management and security of e-commerce system. California: LEE. Zeithaml, V. A. (2002). Service excellence in electronic channels. Managing Service Quality, 12(3): 135-138. This term paper on Issues in Electronic Commerce Security was written and submitted by user Jaylyn B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Science Investigatory Format free essay sample

Content Apply/demonstrate scientific principles or attempt to provide new knowledge; Be a result of continuing or parallel scientific research and investigation not a copy of any previous research; Have socio-economic significance and relevance to livelihood development; and Contribute to the advancement of ST and the development of the community. II. Physical Set-up/Visual Display The physical set-up must be attractive and informative. Interested spectators and judges should easily asses the study and the results obtained. Use clear and concise displays. Make headings stand-out, draw graphs and diagrams clearly and label them correctly. A one-page project abstract must be posted in one corner of the booth. Be sure to adhere to the size limitations and safety rules when preparing the display. The maximum size of project display must be: 76 cm (30 inches) deep 122 cm (48 inches) wide 183 cm (40 inches) high excluding table A Sample Diagram of a Science Fair Display Fair organizers shall provide the participants with one (1) table two (2) chairs to participants during the division regional science fair. We will write a custom essay sample on Science Investigatory Format or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Flames or highly flammable materials Batteries with open-top cells Photographs depicting vertebrate animals in surgical techniques, dissections, improper handling methods and improper housing conditions Glasswares Computer units peripherals Prototype or model for technology projects maybe displayed but within allotted space for each project only. III. Abstract Should consist of short, concise descriptions of the problem its solution. It must be typewritten in the IPSF Official Abstract Form, one page only, single-spaced with a maximum of 250 words, in Times Roman style, font The abstract must state the following: Purpose Procedure Used Results Conclusion IV. Research Paper The research paper for an IPSF entry should contain the following: Problem/s Objectives Methods Procedures (described in detail) Results Conclusions and Recommendations Bibliography (at least 3 major references) Ethics Statement. Scientific fraud and misconduct are not condoned at any level of research or competition. Plagiarism, use or presentation of other researchers work as ones own forgery of approval signature and fabrication or falsification of data will not be tolerated. Fraudulent projects will fail to qualify for the competition. III. Format of Research Paper The project write-up must be typewritten double-spaced in short bond paper (8†x11†) and follows the following format: Title Page – title of the project must be brief, simple and catchy. Abstract should consist of short, concise descriptions of the problem its solution. It must be one page only, single-spaced with a maximum of 250 words, typewritten in Times Roman style; font 11. It must also state the following: Purpose Procedure used Results Conclusion Acknowledgement – contains the names of people agencies that helped in the conduct of the work described. Table of Contents – lists the different parts of the whole report with the corresponding page number of each part. The wording grammar of the chapter titles, heading title of tables figures should be consistent. Introduction – informs the reader of the problem under study. It shows the nature of scope and the problem, its historical theoretical background a review of literature relevant to the problem. Background of the Study- states the rationale of the study. It explains briefly why the investigator chose this study to work on. Statement of Problem/Objectives – the nature scope of the problem should be presented with clarity. Two types of objectives maybe stated: General Objective – this is related to the problem as given in the early part of the section. Specific Objective – this states the purpose of each experiment conducted. Significance of the Study- the importance of the study is explained in this part. Scope and Limitations – states the coverage extent of the study. Review of Related Literature – sufficient background information should be presented for readers to understand evaluate the results of the present study. Only the most important studies and theories written on the topic should be included. Methodology – provides enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the experiments. Materials/Equipment – the exact technical specifications, quantities and source of method of preparation for all materials used should be given. Specifically built equipment used in the study must be described and the description accompanied by a picture. Treatment/General Procedure – the manner sequence by which each experiment or set of observations were done how measurements were obtained should be described in detail. Avoid using the â€Å"recipe style† when stating the step-by-step procedure. Use the narrative form in the past tense. Results and Discussion – this maybe divided into sub-sections describing each set of experiment or observations. Findings – the data maybe presented in full discussed descriptively in the text or these maybe summarized in tables, pictures graphs. The statistical test used to determine the possible significance of the finding should be described. Tables, pictures graphs should make the presentation of the data more meaningful. Analysis of Data – the interpretation of the findings are discussed the significant features shown in the table, figures or graphs are pointed out. Ethics Statement. Scientific fraud and misconduct is not condoned at any level of research or competition. Plagiarism, use or presentation of other researchers work as ones own and fabrication or falsification of data will not be tolerated. Fraudulent projects are disqualified for the competition. Conclusions – the general truth implied or illustrated by the results should be clearly stated. The evidence based on the results should be summarized for each statement. Recommendations – consists of suggestions on future actions such as a new direction of research or further experiments to be performed, practices that might be adapted or discarded in order to attain certain goals or objectives.

Learning by Doing

Learning by Doing With practice and the right process, executive can develop a core competence in strategic thinking.This article presents a methodology executives can employ to conceive and implement creative and coherent strategies. Managers can use the methodology repeatedly to reassess the organization's direction, thereby cultivating both their competence in strategic thinking and their understanding of how strategic decisions connect to the market are most importantThe challenge of Redefining and Implementing StrategyThe author gave us an example about Butterfield Fabrics operation.There are three stages.1. Stage One: Identify the Driving forces in Your Company's Competitive Environment. In this stage, author tell us how the management team making the strategies.2. Stage Two: Formulate Strategy That Addresses the Driving Forces. Strategy formulation involves three steps. First, you need to brainstorm ideas for what needs to be done and devise initiatives for each driving force. Second, you have to plot those initiatives on a matrix to get a sense of how they fit together.English: Strategic planning barnstar received toda...Third, you must create maps that make explicit how each functional group in the organization will contribute to achieving the strategy.3. Stage Three: Create a Plan for the Protests to Implement the Strategy. The final stage in the driving-forces method of strategy marking is to develop a plan that defines specifically how money and manpower must be spent over time to implement the strategy.Competence in StrategyGood management teams are deeply competent when it comes to preparing annual operating plans and delivering the numbers called for in those plans. Why? Because, they confront these tasks over and over again. Managers develop ways of thinking and working that mar them very effective in meeting those recurring challenges.A company's executives can actively cultivate a deep competence in strategic planning by engaging in such planning over again.

The North Korean nuclear program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The North Korean nuclear program - Essay Example The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is an integral part of UN charter having primary responsibility of doing efforts towards maintaining international peace and security. The charter requires that a representative of each of its members must be present all the time at the UN headquarters. These representatives echo the viewpoints of the respective governments and help in smooth functioning of the Security Council. In one such meeting on 14th October 2006, the UNSC passed this resolution asking the North Korean government not to go ahead with its nuclear program. The resolution is in continuation with its previous relevant resolutions, including resolution 825 (1993), resolution 1540 (2004) and, in particular, resolution 1695 (2006), as well as the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41) seeks to reaffirm that proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological arsenal constitutes grave threat for the safety and security of the world peace. UN security counc il expressed grave concern on the claim made by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and expressed apprehension that this development might lead to further tension in the region. While announcing the successful conduct of the nuclear test, North Korean government also announced its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution expressly demanded that;ï‚ §Ã‚  North Korea must desist from conducting any further nuclear tests or launching any ballistic missile.... These representatives echo the viewpoints of the respective governments and help in smooth functioning of the Security Council. In one such meeting on 14th October 2006, the UNSC passed this resolution asking the North Korean government not to go ahead with its nuclear program. The resolution is in continuation with its previous relevant resolutions, including resolution 825 (1993), resolution 1540 (2004) and, in particular, resolution 1695 (2006), as well as the statement of its President of 6 October 2006 (S/PRST/2006/41) seeks to reaffirm that proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological arsenal constitutes grave threat for the safety and security of the world peace. UN security council expressed grave concern on the claim made by Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and expressed apprehension that this development might lead to further tension in the region. While announcing the successful conduct of the nuclear test, North Korean government also announced its withdr awal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The resolution expressly demanded that; North Korea must desist from conducting any further nuclear tests or launching any ballistic missile. DPRK must express its return to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, North Korean government must eliminate its nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles program. The government of DPRK must allow the international community and concerned UN organisations to inspect all cargo moving in or out of the country. This is purportedly considered necessary to check illegal transportation of

Hamlet- Hamlets madness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hamlet- Hamlets madness - Research Paper Example Thesis statement: Through feigning madness to cover up for his actions, the protagonist of the play (hamlet) had really become mad in the end. First of all, Hamlet was not mad, but unexpected events in his life forced him to pretend as mad. But this pretension influenced his mind and resulted in his madness in the end. One can see that pretension, with or without reason, can influence an individual’s emotional equilibrium. Hamlet pretends to be mad because he wished to hide his deeds like communication with the ghost, revenge, motive, guilty consciousness, Oedipus complex, and to confuse his enemies. To cover up his communication: In the play, prince Hamlet is portrayed as an individual who is trying to cover up his communication with supernatural elements (say, his father’s spirit). He knows that other people will not believe him because it is difficult to prove that the ghost used to visit him. But the ghost reveals that his uncle is the mastermind behind his fatherâ €™s death. In William Shakespeare’s work, the ghost states that, â€Å"Avenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (21). From a different angle of view, one can see that he was aware of the fact that he must cover up his communication with the ghost. To be specific, the ghost is the link between the prince and his father. If the ghost did not appear, he will not know the conspiracy behind his father’s untimely death. So, Hamlet decides to cover up his communication with the ghost and pretends that he did not know the mastermind behind the conspiracy. Besides, he pretended as mad because he was aware of the fact that others will not suspect him. To cover up revenge: Prince Hamlet knew that he cannot trust anybody because he was totally confused due to the problems within his private circle. He cannot trust his mother because she co-operated with his uncle to assassinate his father. The protagonist cannot trust his uncle because he murdered his father. But he k new that his uncle is watching him because he is the one and only person who can take revenge of the king’s murder. Still, Hamlet did not give up his aim because he must take revenge of the murder. If he tries to conduct an investigation on the murder, his uncle will try to hinder him. So, Hamlet pretends that he was not aware of his uncle’s role in the conspiracy. The best possible way to prove inactive is to pretend as an insane individual. On the other side, Hamlet’s uncle did not suspect him because he considers Hamlet as an insane individual. So, one can see that pretension helped Hamlet to keep himself away from trouble and to find out the truth in the end. To cover up motive: In the play, the playwright inculcates anti-heroic elements on the protagonist (say, Hamlet) to cover up his real motive. One can see that the protagonist is different from traditional protagonists with heroic qualities. For instance, the protagonist does not try to attack his father ’s murderer. Instead, the protagonist tries to collect evidence against the murderer and traps him. This innovative method or the protagonist’s pursuit to kill the murderer is helpful for the viewer/reader to have deeper understanding of the protagonist’s motive. Marvin Rosenberg states that, â€Å"Giving such signals of pretended madness, Hamlet can still be so anguished that he is in fact on the edge of unreason, but his consciousness is

Forces of magnetism accreditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forces of magnetism accreditation - Essay Example The Magnet Recognition Program was built on five components that are used as the standard for recognizing excellent nursing care in the health industry. The five components are 1. transformational leadership, 2. structural empowerment, 3. exemplary professional practice, 4. new knowledge, innovation, and improvements, and empirical quality results. These five areas are used to recognize quality care, nursing excellence, and innovations in professional nursing. The Joint Commission is an accreditation that is aimed at â€Å"continuously improving health care for the public, in collaboration with other stakeholders, by evaluating health care organizations and aspiring them to excel in providing safe and effective care of the highest quality and value,† (http://en.wikipedia.org/Joint_Commission, 2011). The Joint Commission seeks to continuously improve the safety and quality of care provided to the public through the provision of health care accreditation and related services that support performance improvement in health care organizations. The main difference between the Magnet Recognition Program and the Joint Commission is that the Joint Commission is more of an accreditation process that requires the health professional goes through a strenuous survey every 3 years. The Magnet Recognition Program is viewed more as a recognition program to award hard-working professionals in the nursing

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns

The Effectiveness Of Election Campaigns If there is one specific topic that has generated the most resounding growing political research in the study of voter behavoiur and election outcome, then it must be Do campaign matter? Decades of voting researches have explored this topic either as a co-relation between the effects of campaign on election outcome in new political perspectives or as a critique to the earliest voting behavoiur studies, whatever the rationale for investigation may be, it has ushered the emergence of a new political phenomenon. This essay would be explored from a typical two sided scholarly perspectives either to argue for or against the significances of election campaign in any political entity. Although this style of discussion would offer in-depth and broader academic resources for clearer understanding but may not be able to sufficiently examine the dimension and dynamics of campaigns in political phenomenon because of the limited time constraint. Also this study intends to draw a clearer picture between the importance and irrelevance of campaigns in cognizance of its relationship with some other socio cultural influences providing the liberty of the readers to take academic position on the argument SUPPORT OF CAMPAIGN Even though the literature of campaigning is unlikely minimal among the academic players, entirety of campaign have been eulogized as a key influence on election outcome and voting behavoiur amongst political actors. This view is supported by Holbrook (1996) as he argues that campaign enjoys continuous recognition from other political actors (voters, candidates and parties) but the scholarly community have shown less interest in campaign effects rather concentrated on the sociological and partisan identification, incumbency and its performances, candidate popularity as the essential factors which influence election outcome creating the emergence of the minimal effects of campaign by the earliest political scientist such as Berelson, Lazarsfeld and McPhee, 1954; Campbell et al., 1960 This position of argument influenced series of subsequent campaign researches which tend to primarily define the minimal effect of campaign as it merely activates voters prevailing partisan sentiments, thereby necessarily ignores a variety of other highly relevant campaign effects. Ironically, It is interesting to know how this minimal effects of campaign could create marginal changes in the voter participation can upturn the election outcome Considering the continuous transformation of the political institution, some political scientists ( Iyengar and Simon 2000) have argued that election outcome in any political environment are always shaped by interplay of many factors in which they may not be individually measured. Thus, they argue that assessing election outcome through the singular premise of campaign is unjustified because campaigns are part of the political processes which are traditionally focused on influencing voting decision by conveying certain impression about candidate or political parties In relation to this position, Ornstein and Mann 2000 in his descriptive analysis of the behavioral attitudes of campaigning defined it as a self centered, continual and persuasive political activity that gives the much needed relevance to the retrospective loyalties of the voter which reactivates them to make voter decision, Quite interestingly, he eulogized campaign as a key political instrument used to make a voter make a psychological purchase in correlation with his reasoning. However, such persuasion is achieved through aggressive media channels by engaging the voters feelings in a preferred direction. Because the political contests are predominantly competitive for elective position, the adversarial nature of campaign has reinforcement effect to maximize the voters loyalties in order to win the election is highly commendable. However, it is likely that campaign effects are heterogeneous across individuals and countries. These are the following reasons why campaign do matters; ENLIGHTENMENT EFFECT Recent researches have confirmed that there is a gradual decline of partisanship which given credibility to the significance of campaigns to influence the voter decision. The strength of retrospective evaluation upon the voter choice has been undermined by this decline which provides the fertile grounds for campaign messages to convert their perceived intention by enlightening their political knowledge. Shaw, 1999 and Salmore etal 1989 claim that political parties have failed in its primary duty to provide powerful information about the candidate during election causing a declining level of party identification in the electorate. In similar view ,Ornstein and Mann 2000 argues that there is a gradual decline in voter identification to the ideals of their political parties This is owing to that fact that the sudden change in party policies and in excesses of election primaries has weakened the allegiance of candidate to their political parties. These declining factors have given premises for campaign to persuade the voters intention for voting decision .However; this growing body of research has provided evidence that campaigns can influence voter preferences. This is evident in the study by Trent and Friedenberg (2000). Although voter behaviour are not only persuaded into new converts for opposing parties during campaigns, campaigning events are designed to reactivate pre-existing partisan loyalties of the voters for voter decision. To support this view, Ansolabehere 2006 further argues on the reinforcing model of the campaign effects on voter behavior as product of interplay of private and public information. This is within the premise that people use their cognitive properties (private information) with the campaign communication (public information to make voting decision showing the campaign reactivates their private supposition. VOTER MOBILIZATION AND PARTICIPATION Recent voting research has proved that campaign messages convert pre- voting intention into voting participation during election periods. Most evidently, Holbrook 1996 argues that findings have proved that there is fluctuation of opinions during campaign events which are due to its high content. This exercise tends to encourage public support which in turn influences voter behaviors. Because campaign exercise consists of several events, activities and processes, voter still respond differently to campaign events based on their individuals demographic and political ideals. The effect of these campaign events is that perceptions and opinions about the candidate and political parties are changed by the aggressive media communication which would propel voter participation. This is because researchers have shown that voting intention have been influenced by campaign communication which have strengthen voter participation in the election. Such participation would adversely enhance election outcome. (Kosmidis and Xezonakis. 2010 Personal canvassing, media communication and debates possess a more engaging interactive power to motivate voter participation in electoral processes. All retrospective alliance to his/her partisan party of the voter must be motivated by campaigning platform in order to encourage massive voting decision. However, the specific political act that can provide the engaging platform is campaigning. Certain political researches have not able to specifically measure the turn out effect of campaign on the voter behaviors but considerable evidence provided that voter participation increased during campaign activities. Evidently, in the field experiment by Gerber and Green 2000 on the effect on personal canvassing in the American 1998 Election In relation to the increased voter mobilization as a campaign effect, Bratton 2008 and Schaffer, 2007 collectively suggests that African election campaigns are mainly moments for politicians to engage in mass mobilization and the manipulation of electoral rules in order to increase voter turnout. Specifically in the case of Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) claims that vote buying and political intimidation are characteristic dimensions of Nigerian election campaigns and are targeted at rural communities. Furthermore, Fournier etal 2004 argued that time-of-voting decision has been suggested as a key mediating variable for campaign effects. In other words, campaign messages tend to convert voting indecision to positive decision, or from one candidate choice to another thereby making the voter open to campaign persuasion. The media coverage and debates during the campaign influenced the voter intention drawing a co- relation between time of decision and the persuasion of campaign messages. In their researches, they confirmed that late deciders are responsive to campaign events in Canadian elections VOTER LEARNING Every voter needs information to make any type of voting decision either to reinforce his existing partisan loyalties or to make new voting decision. However, campaign is the most appropriate electoral process to provide such function. Because of the vast information- generating nature of Campaign, it provide the avenue for voter learning- the acquisition of information about the candidates and issues .During campaigns the political awareness are enlarged and fundamental voter preferences are being enlightened (Gelman and King, 1993), while the campaign learning process informs voters party positions and issue stances (Peterson, 2009). Campaign occupies the prestigious role as an educational academy for political learning through its information communication about the electoral system which enables the voter to understand the ideologies of the candidate, thereby offering them an enlightened voting decision. To support this stance, Iyengar and Simon 2000 describes campaigns as multifaceted and information-rich events which encompasses the candidates chances of winning, their personal and political ideologies giving campaign events (debates, candidate advertising) the opportunity to expose the voter knowledge to the personality of the candidate by boosting citizens political information, which may increase their likelihood of supporting the particular candidate Evidently, Hillgus and Jackman 2002 in the examination of the campaign effects in the presidential election 2000 in America party argue that conventions and presidential debates affected vote preference. They explored their research using the transition model to individual-level campaign data and concluded the effect of a campaign event based on the voters, campaigning timing, candidate Similarly, the effect of campaign for voter learning were evidently backed by Survey Researches such Brians Wattenberg 1996 and Zhao Chaffee 1996 as they found out that exposure to candidate marketing through the lens of campaign enhance voter learning which would encourage their voting participation Campaign communications increases the voters political understanding, thereby reducing uncertainty around the voting decision. Most recently, Kosmidis and Xezonakis 2009 executed an exploratory research on the undecided voters in the 2005 British general election; their finding confirmed that specific campaign messages formulated the choice preference of undecided voting behaviours. Agenda Control Traditionally, it is believed that voters choose whatever political interest based on their consideration of importance; ironically, campaign communication determines this consideration because of the cycle of appearance in media. Campaign messages surround its themes around those key interests and communicate them strategically in the media to set the agenda for relevance. Dalton etal 1995 suggests that because candidates are the principal sources of news during campaigns, they are in an advantageous position to simultaneously influence the media and public, for instance, candidates are motivated to introduce and pursue issues on which they enjoy a comparative advantage. The candidate closer to the student voter on an issue like fee reform would want to address that topic, as opposed to discussing issues which is not relevant to the student. Agenda control remains a key determinant of campaign effects because the candidate determines the principal yardsticks in which he/ she would be evaluated by the electorate as this are achieved through media communication. An extension in investigation of agenda control during campaign, Johnston et al 1992 argues that rhetoric also plays a special role by directing voters towards a specific agenda and considerations surrounding that agenda. This is achieved by the interplay of the acquisition of information and agenda control which provoke their voting decision. The evidence can be seen in their study of Canadian election 1988 which shows how free trade agreement between Canada and the United States, as a result of the candidates and parties rhetorical posturing came to the forefront of the public issue agenda To conclude the support for campaign, Kavanagh 1995 argues that the essence of campaign lies within itself, campaign is a means of choosing government and promoting political learning and citizenship, thereby contributing to the quality of representative democracy. This is because the interests of politics are heightened during campaigns through media communication about the candidate and party policies which are designed to attract the voting inclination for election participation. AGAINST CAMPAIGNS Examining the other view which argues that campaign do not matter, for the sake of clear understanding of the essay, the argument against campaign would be explored from the macro context factor of elections and their influence on voting behavoiur. As earlier stated, scholarly study on political science have argued the macro context of factors of elections both at the individual and aggregate level s strongly affect voting behavoiur and further posited that the macro context of election provides the wide platform in which any electoral campaign can function presenting a strong weakening interdependence characteristic of campaign. PARTISAN INDENTIFICATION Most predominantly stance of their argument is the influence of party identification on election outcome based on its psychological characteristics; their research argues that voting behavoiur and choices in elections are not merely a short term decision as similar the limited influencing experience campaign offers rather it is a conglomerate of certain long term political dispositions and ethnics in the social fabric of the electorate in which there is no room for campaign to change minds or influence behavoiur . An early voting research by Campell et al (1960) in their seminal book, The American Voter described the influence of party identification as a sustained psychological orientation to political parties which is a key determinant for attitude formation and political behaviour. Thus, electorates most often cast their votes based on their emotional affiliation with the electoral parties affirming their strong spirit of political devotion rather than the short persuasiveness of campaign propaganda. In the extensive study of the psychology of party identification and its influences of voting choice, a key realization is the existence of retrospective voting attitudes in the electorate. Fiorina(1981) explored the dynamics of retrospective voting and its direct impact of voting behavoiur as he argues that electorates associate their policy preferences with the policies of the party and make voting decision based on their retrospective evaluation of the performance of party in contrast to the mere make believe of campaigns. Much recent research points to the powerful electoral effects of incumbent performance evaluations which is termed the referendum model of presidential elections (Erikson 1989; Fiorina 1981) The recent studies such as Rice 1992 have evidently confirmed that election outcomes are easily explored without recognizing the mechanism of campaigning with their forecasting model. This simply means that elections outcome can be accurately predictive based on circumstantial factors before any campaign exercise. POWER OF INCUMBENCY Power of the incumbency is another factor that mitigates campaign effects. This particularly means that a party may enjoy a long term advantage in elections over its contemporaries because of its present governing authority. This long advantage may be due to the performance of the incumbency or possession of extensive resources to win the election. In this case, no matter the persuasiveness and aggressiveness of media fireworks in the campaign exercise, the ruling party would outage such approach. In all cases, every incumbency would strategically utilize all significant resources to ensure positive election outcome, they benefit from their ruling capacity in transforming media and economy to their advantage. In extreme cases, they use existing political institutions for election malpractices. A typical case is the Nigerias general elections of April 2007, Bratton (2008) which was characterized with rigging due to the power of incumbency by the ruling party (People Democratic Party) Trent and Friedenberg (2000) argue that the incumbency creates a special advantage for the candidate because of the political resources attached to the office of incumbency. Such advantage may be measured in them of the performance of the incumbency which may initiate retrospective loyalties during voting decision. In such power of incumbency, campaign may not necessarily affect the election outcome as voters would align their voting power t o the incumbency that have performed positively that an aspiring candidate of a new party STATE OF ECONOMY State of the Economy remains another significant factor subverts the effect of campaigns. Holbrook 1996 argues that the national economic context of political activities influences the voting behaviors, that is the economic performance of the incumbency largely influence voting behavoiur as voters are mostly inclined to vote for the ruling party in good economic times (High Gross Domestic Product, Infrastructural development)and more willing to change party in power in bad economic times(unemployment, inflation, high banking rate, poor exchange rate) . This position challenges the rhetoric of campaigns as it present comparison between the realistic experiences of the economy of the state and the fictitious gimmicks of campaigns. Thus, an aggressive campaign cannot influence the election outcome in occurrence of bad economic state A practical example cited by Holbrook 1996, was the American election of 1992, the winning of Clinton of the incumbent president George Bush was not due to his strong content of this campaign, it was purely because of poor economic situation of Bushs administration. No Bush campaign would have influence the voting behavior to change the experience of the realities o f the economy WEAKNESS OF CAMPAIGN ACTIVITIES Even though it is believed that the power of campaign lies in its events of activities, it have been characterized with several shortfalls ranging from its irrelevant key themes, ambiguous message and inappropriate media channel. Kavanagh 1995 also argues that the shortfalls of campaigns lies in itself as, campaign are mostly surveyed based on the content of output(advertisement, flyers) not by its output (election result).The lack of defined measurement system for campaign effect devalued its significance because election outcome is a product of several interplay of key factor and campaigns is least . Also he identified the ineffectiveness of campaign in various factors are wrong timing , conflict of electoral goals(election winning) versus other political goals(party values),Disagreement on campaign strategy and tactics ,Lack of party actors for implementation of campaign strategies, Lack of guaranteed knowledge about election winning. CONCLUSION Evaluating the two ideological perspectives on campaign, it may difficult to take a decisive position considering the continuous transformation of political environment. However, it is true that voters are open to myriad of political information designed to influence their voting decision but tend to make their voting choice based on their sociological experience, campaign seems to be one major political process that creates a platform of series of effects ranging from the reinforcement of the retrospective values, education of the voters political knowledge and influencing the voting behavoiur. The main paradox is the word matter in the question because relevance of campaign may be related to different objectives, context and ideologies. In order, campaign effects can be from different studies use different approaches to aim specific objectives. Therefore, it may be devaluing to adjudge a political act to be irrelevant if it does not achieve the entire expected objective. It is important to say that no political scholar can specifically say that a particular political activity guarantee the Election winning because Election outcome is a series of interplay of macro cultural actives, therefore campaign may matter but not necessarily to all voters

Developments between 1860 and 1877 Essay

In 1861 the bloodiest and one of the most important revolutions in American History began, The Civil War. Socially this war had been brewing since the beginning of slavery. This controversial subject had been the object of debate mainly because it required a balance between free and slave states. Slavery was also a big issue between the Democrats in the 1860 election because they could not agree on the issue of popular sovereignty. This eventually led to their splitting which opened up the doors for Lincoln to take office. After Lincoln was inaugurated in 1860 seven states ceded and later four more. The south believed they were within their constitutional right to cede. In South Carolina’s Declaration of Causes for Session the state says, â€Å"Powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution†¦are reserved to the states (Doc A).† This leaves Lincoln at a quandary over the age old constitutional issue of Nullification and session debated back in the day of the Virginia Kentucky resolutions and Hartford Convention. He resolves that it is not within the states power to cede and brings the nation to war. The eventual victory for the North would bring about one of the greatest changes in history; the Emancipation Proclamation that forever ended slavery and changed the southern way of life. With Slavery no more and a Southern society in ruins more changes had to be made in the Reconstruction revolution. After Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for reconstruction failed, the Republicans who now controlled congress took the reigns. Socially there was the large issue of all these freedmen with nowhere to go, who are now demanding equality. In a petition written just after the war in 1865 from African Americans to the Tennessee Convention the blacks say, â€Å"If we are called to military duty†¦should we be denied the right to vote (Doc C).† That same year a letter to the Freedmen’s Bureau (a group dedicated to helping protect blacks and their rights), from a group of blacks was asking for homesteads so they may have the same rights as white land owners (Doc E). With the need to help these newly freed blacks and protect them from those endorsing things like the Black Codes, states had to develop a constitution with special specifications to black’s rights. The constitutional changes that occurred not only to the state governments but to the national governments as well were the thirteenth amendment that ended slavery, the fourteenth that made blacks citizens, and the fifteenth that gave blacks the right to vote as illustrated in The First Vote (Doc G). The latter developments changed the south and America forever. The entire southern way of life was flipped upside down economically and socially. Sharecropping and the crop-lien system emerged to solve the labor shortages, blacks status increased, and education expanded; these are some of the main results of the Reconstruction Revolution. The Final revolution of this time unfortunately was that of the Redeemers. Since the beginning the conservatives had been fighting reconstruction in the South. The South had always had people (the democrats) opposed to black suffrage. Gideon Wells said, â€Å"The Federal government has no right†¦to dictate the matter of suffrage (Doc D).† To resolve these conservatives would require literacy tests to vote, and reinstate property requirements. These methods were ways around the vague constitutional developments of the 15th amendment. Violence was also used as a means to control the black population in the South. The Klu Klux Klan and White League would use terrorist acts on blacks and lynch many innocent blacks to discourage them from voting as illustrated in (Doc I). Blacks were also segregated from whites, which after the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson was deemed legal as long as they had equal opportunities; however, the blacks did not have equal opportunities but it still allowed the whites to avoid the 14th amendment. Finally, in the Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president and withdrew the troops from the south. The north believed that with the vote the blacks could take care of themselves and they also had their eyes focused on the West. However, with the soldiers gone the blacks became once again subject to the will of the whites. This is where history is debated on whether reconstruction was a success because the Redeemer revolution reverted the south back to a segregated area of tension once again. The faà §ade that was America changed significantly from 1860 to 1877. The constitution had been written a century prior leaving out many key issues. To address these issues revolutions took place and in the end change was made. The debate over slavery and cession led to finally freeing those who never deserved oppression. The end of the Civil War brought about the need for black rights and new ways of life. Opposition to these revolutions led to the reverting revolution that turned back the clock taking away once again what so many died for. The social and constitutional developments that helped fuel these revolutions are responsible for some of the nation’s greatest achievements like the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, and some of the worst like segregation.

Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors

Joshua Harris Althea Johns Organizational Behavior October 21, 2012 Understanding Organizational Citizenship Behaviors Citizenship, most don’t normally associate this term with an organization like a business. Many would think of the word citizenship in terms of the country that you may live in. Some may even think of it more broadly then that. As in we are all citizens of this planet. But what is the opposite? Are there smaller citizenship classifications, and are they as important? Particularly, what about citizenship at your place of employment? What does organizational citizenship behavior mean to a company?Can it affect things like job satisfaction, efficiency, productivity, and customer satisfaction? Research suggests that there is a â€Å"moderately positive correlation† between job function and organizational citizenship behavior. [ (Kinicki) ] This paper will examine real examples of OCB, explain how organizations can influence OCB, and which pitfalls to watch out for. (Kinicki) Organ defined organizational citizenship behaviors as, â€Å"Individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization.By discretionary, we mean that the behavior is not an enforceable requirement of the role or the job description, that is, the clearly specifiable terms of the person’s employment contract with the organization; the behavior is rather a matter of personal choice, such that its omission is not generally understood as punishable. † (Organ) Literature in this subject has been almost non-existent prior the early 1980’s, but has increased in popularity ever since. Its these â€Å"discretionary† behaviors that according to Brooker, â€Å"Our esprit de corps is the core of our success. That’s the most difficult thing for a competitor to imitate.They can buy all the physical things. The th ing you can’t buy is dedication, devotion, and loyalty. † (Brooker) Its this loyalty that convinced Herb Kelleher, from Booker’s article tiled â€Å"Can anyone replace Herb? â€Å" to argue â€Å"that employee citizenship is the single biggest reason for the company’s success. † However this was hard to prove with hard evidence until late 1990’s. (Brooker) In Bolino and Turnley’s 2003 article â€Å"Going the Extra Mile: Cultivating and managing Employee Citizenship Behavior† which appeared in Academy of Management Executive, they describe factors that can promote good OCB.It is the authors’ opinion that the most important being job satisfaction. (Turnley) Bolino & Turnley conclude from their analyst of several studies, that if an employee is happy, they will provide a positive organizational citizenship behavior. The article also covered other factors such as trust, job interest and involvement, organizational suppo rt, and Employee Characteristics. It is with these factors that researches use to try to come up with predictors. Perhaps one of the best predictors happens in what Bolino and Turnley calls the â€Å"recruitment & selection† process. Turnley)They provide three main ways in which human resource managers can help achieve this. The first is to look for causes that applicants are committed to. For examples, college graduates that have a lot of extra curricular activities or a professional with volunteer services. Another predictor in determining positive OCB would be to provide situational questions to the interviewee. (Turnley)This is one tool that Smucker’s uses to gage their employee’s. The last tool the article provides is personality trait questions.This is somewhat similar to situational interviews, but they are geared to the person and not a specific situation. The next natural step in influencing organizational citizenship behavior is during training. It is during training that an organization may have the best chance at eliciting citizenship behaviors. However, Bolino & Turnley, describe how this is usually the opposite of what organizations do, due to their emphasis on individual achievements. One way an organization can help influence positive OCB is to sponsor training programs that focus on cooperation and taking initiative.But probably the best would be to develop a training program that is used to improve relationships among coworkers and/or supervisors and subordinates. Bolino’s article gave an example of this at Southwest Airlines when works were cross-trained on other positions. This allowed employees to gain experience in other area, but also appreciate and help out when they could. Also a study showed that supervisors that have had training in organizational justice principles also benefit from higher levels of OCB. In the last direct way organizations can influence OCB is in compensation.Bolino’s arti cle concluded that employees are more likely to engage in behaviors that are rewarded. An example of this is Asada, the British subsidiary of Wal-Mart, gives awards to employees who go â€Å"above and beyond†. CitiGroup does something similar. It is called â€Å"Galaxy of Thanks†. Employees can thank other employees for going above and beyond. If an employee reaches so many, that employee gets special recognition by the company and can win rewards. (Young) Bolino’s article also pointed to group or organizational level compensation fosters positive OCB. But, there can be many pitfalls for compensating for OCB.Some more informal ways of promoting positive OCB would include developing a culture in the organization that is conducive for positive OCB. Having managers and supervisors living by the same standard and by having an organization act in a deserving way. As you can tell there are many ways that organizations can influence their potential positive organizatio nal citizenship behavior. But, there are some pitfalls to be aware of. While there are potentially several pitfalls, all seem easily manageable. Bolino places pitfalls in three categories: Impression Management, Costs, and Escalating.Impression Management, is noted in another article by Bolino as, â€Å"Several organizational behavior scholars have noted that individuals may engage in organizational citizenship behaviors not because they are concerned about the organization’s welfare but because such activities may cause others (especially their supervisors) to look favorably upon them† (Bolino) The pitfall here comes when rewarding this type of â€Å"Impression Management† behavior, which can put a strain on morale. (Turnley)Managers should watch for this type of motivation during citizenship assessments and be sure not to reward this type of behavior.If this behavior is rewarded the costs could certainly outweigh any potential gains. Another potential downside to positive OCB happens when employees become lax on their main job functions. Many don’t think helping another co-worker could potentially be a downfall, but that is exactly what Sprint, Xerox, and Ford found out in a Wall Street Journal study. Employees would help co-workers with computer issues and it was estimated to have cost the companies upwards of $15,000 per computer. It is thought that hiring more support personal would have been significantly less expensive, and with better quality of support. Bulkeley)The last area of pitfalls is a concept of Escalating Citizenship. You can think of this concept like inflation. Today a dollar will buy you much less than fifty or so years ago and escalating citizenship is something that manager must watch out for. If the bar for above and beyond is constantly moved higher and higher it can be catastrophic for an organization including high levels of job dissatisfaction, high turnover, and high stress. It is the author’s opi nion that the evidence is overwhelming that positive organizational behavior can greatly influence or be the â€Å"single biggest reason for the company’s success†. Brooker)In this essay we have examined why organizational citizenship is important to an organization. We also took a look at what organizations can do to positively impact OCB. Finally we examined some downsides of OCB and provided some way managers can navigate around them. Organizational citizenship behavior can be a very good thing, when done correctly. Bibliography Bolino. â€Å"Citizenship and impression managment: Good soliders or good actors. † Academy of Managment Review 24. 1 (n. d. ): 82-88. Brooker, K. â€Å"Can anyone replace Herb? † 2000. Fourtune. 19 Oct 2012 <http://money. nn. com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/04/17/278112/index. htm>. Bulkeley, W. M. â€Å"Study finds hidden costs of computing. † The Wall Street Journal (1992). Kinicki, Angelo. Managment: a practical introduction 5E. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Organ, D. W. Organizatioal citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington: Lexington Books, n. d. Turnley. â€Å"Going The Extra Mile: Cultivating and managing employee citizenship behavior. † Academy of Managment Executives 17. 3 (2003): 60-71. Young, Joseph P. Interview. Joshua Harris. 19 October 2012.

Free Essays on Chemical Weapons

Title (Chemical Weapons): Terrorist Use of Chemical Weapons in the World Special Issue: The Tokyo Subway Attack on 20 March 1995 Introduction: Japan has long enjoyed the enviable reputation of being one of the safest nations in the world. The country has one of the world lowest rates for murder and other violent crime, and the Japanese National Police Agency and local Police forces are often praised as a model of law enforcement efficiency. Tokyo enjoys one of the cleanest, safest and most efficient subway networks in the world. Trains run on precise schedules and accommodate 2.7 billion passengers a year. All that changed on March 20, 1995. A nightmare unfolded as the city of Tokyo experienced one of the worst terrorist attacks of the century. This is what many considered to be the first true case of use of chemical agents by terrorists in a major attack on civilians. On the morning of 20 March 1995, small containers described by eyewitnesses as being wrapped in newspaper and covered with clear plastic bags about the size of lunch box were placed on five trains running on three major lines of the Tokyo subway system (Marunouchi, Chiyoda, and Hibiya). The trains were scheduled to arrive at the Kasumigaseki station within four minutes of each other at the height of the morning rush hour around 8 am in the morning. It was to report later that police authorities suspected the containers to be a type of binary chemical weapons in which the constituent elements of sarin were brought together to form the poisonous gas just prior to its release by breaking of the bottles in the crowed cars. The results were twelve people dead and over five thousand injured, as gas spread through the trains and affected passengers were disgorged at sixteenth separate stations along the route. Two of the subway lines were shut down and twenty-six stations closed. The station, towards which the cars were gathering, Kasumigaseki was located in the heart of Toky... Free Essays on Chemical Weapons Free Essays on Chemical Weapons Title (Chemical Weapons): Terrorist Use of Chemical Weapons in the World Special Issue: The Tokyo Subway Attack on 20 March 1995 Introduction: Japan has long enjoyed the enviable reputation of being one of the safest nations in the world. The country has one of the world lowest rates for murder and other violent crime, and the Japanese National Police Agency and local Police forces are often praised as a model of law enforcement efficiency. Tokyo enjoys one of the cleanest, safest and most efficient subway networks in the world. Trains run on precise schedules and accommodate 2.7 billion passengers a year. All that changed on March 20, 1995. A nightmare unfolded as the city of Tokyo experienced one of the worst terrorist attacks of the century. This is what many considered to be the first true case of use of chemical agents by terrorists in a major attack on civilians. On the morning of 20 March 1995, small containers described by eyewitnesses as being wrapped in newspaper and covered with clear plastic bags about the size of lunch box were placed on five trains running on three major lines of the Tokyo subway system (Marunouchi, Chiyoda, and Hibiya). The trains were scheduled to arrive at the Kasumigaseki station within four minutes of each other at the height of the morning rush hour around 8 am in the morning. It was to report later that police authorities suspected the containers to be a type of binary chemical weapons in which the constituent elements of sarin were brought together to form the poisonous gas just prior to its release by breaking of the bottles in the crowed cars. The results were twelve people dead and over five thousand injured, as gas spread through the trains and affected passengers were disgorged at sixteenth separate stations along the route. Two of the subway lines were shut down and twenty-six stations closed. The station, towards which the cars were gathering, Kasumigaseki was located in the heart of Toky...

When I Grow Up - Planning My Future essays

When I Grow Up - Planning My Future essays By: xxxxxxxx Submitted to: Prof. xxxxxxx English 101-118 xx April 2xxx When I Grow Up Occupational therapist and zoologist are two professions that appeal to me; they both have qualities and options that I desire in a career. I. Brief narrative describing careers I had considered in the past and the two I have now narrowed it down to. II. Zoologist and occupational therapist both do work I would enjoy A. Zoologist are biological scientist that study animals 1. Zoologist may study one animal or groups of 2. Zoologists may study the effects animals have on the ecosystem or vice-versa 3. Zoology is interesting to me because I like B. Occupational therapist help people regain or improve 1. Occupational therapists may work to improve psychological, social or physical aspects in 2. Occupational therapy would be a rewarding career III. Both professions offer a variety of work places and areas to A. Zoologists have many options to specialize in. 1. I have listed areas a zoologist may specialize in. 2. Many jobs are available to a zoologist. B. Occupational therapist may also specialize by what type of people they work with. 1. The different types of people a occupational therapist may choose to work with 2. I have listed some places that an occupational therapist works IV. I need to consider the education required to wor...

Strategic Analysis - Dunkin Brands Group, Inc Research Paper

Strategic Analysis - Dunkin Brands Group, Inc - Research Paper Example Strategic Analysis - Dunkin Brands Group, Inc The company needs to improve its liquidity position in order to avoid any certain liquidity crisis. Gross profit margin of the company has slightly decreased over the years and net profit margin of the company has improved over the years. It indicates that the effectiveness and efficiency of the company has improved in generating net profit out of its total sales revenue. Return on equity of the company has decreased over the year, which indicates the efficiency of the company has decreased in generating income out of its total equity. However, return on capital employed has increased over the years, which indicate that the company has generated more revenue out of its total capital employed as compared to the year 2012. Average settlement period for debtors has improved over the years, which indicate that the company is now efficient enough in collecting receivables from is debtors. Nevertheless, the average settlement period for creditors has decreased over the years, which indicat e that the company is delaying its payments to the creditors. Thus from the above analysis it can be said that the company needs to improve its liquidity ratio to meet the necessity of liquid funds. The profitability of the company is average and it can be improved by improving the gross profit margin and the return on equity. Apart from these, payment to creditors should be made quickly in order to improve the brand image among creditors and shareholders.

Multimedia Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Multimedia - Coursework Example rsity in the development of massive open online course (MOOC) that use multimedia in engaging learners in an interactive online training and educational program The most generally used multimedia applications are World Wide Web, hypermedia courseware, video conferencing, video-on-demand, interactive TV, groupware, online shops, games, virtual reality, digital video editing and production systems, multimedia database (Marshall, 2001a, p. 1). Experts posit that the broadly used applications are hypermedia systems through world wide web; multicast backbone that is strategically digitizing TV and radio streaming; and the enabling technologies which composed of carrier, switching, protocol, application, coding or compression, database, processing, system integration technologies (Marshall, 2001a, p. 1). Multimedia is also about developing a visual design hence, those who’d be working on website development for the Training Company must have deep knowledge on themes and styles which could either be comic, or simply informative or interesting, or must have some great ability for morphing, texture tastes and some techie explosions to make it attractive and impressive in its construction (Marshall, 2001b, p. 1). a. Social networks- this encourage creation of personalized pages and connect this to friends and associates or organizations to share content, statuses, photos, shouts, and ideas. This is also called as microblogs. The largest networks considered are, Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and LinkedIn (W3Schools, 2012, p. 1). b. Blogs- this is a web space where a person can register and subscribe to write their stories, opinions and experiences. Blogs can either be personal, political, business, ‘almost media’, and mainstream media (W3Schools, 2012, p. 1). c. Wikis – this is a web where people and institution provide information, reports, and data as communal database. The most prominent wiki is Wikipedia that has been considered as the leading online

Greenlea Residential Care Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Greenlea Residential Care Home - Essay Example Mrs. Marchant is of the opinion that acquiring such reports is now becoming more and more bureaucratic. Her profits have been falling slightly during the last few years and this is becoming a cause of concern for her. Mrs. Merchant is now considering expanding the Care House by building an extension. This extension will enable her to house double the capacity. Of course, she feels , her staff will also have to be doubled to take care of the increased number of residents. She has acquired an estimate for the building and construction of this extension which amounts to 100,000 pounds. Since her debts are not very high she is seeking limited liability which will allow more financial protection. It will also ensure a greater range of tax concessions. However, she is facing one legal claim. An employee who fell down while assisting a resident and hurt her thumb is seeking compensation. But Mrs. Merchant is of the firm opinion that she will not pay compensation since there was a chair lift available and the employee had acted negligently resulting in a breach of regulations. Now she takes time off to prepare the necessary accounts to put her plan into action.